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[Music]

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thank you very much for the introduction

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and so what I'm presenting today

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actually isn't a research that we've

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done it's a hypothesis that we put forth

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while we were at a summer astrobiology

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school so what is astrobiology summer

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school so you might have received emails

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if you're on the NASA Astrobiology

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Institute newsletter about this

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basically it's held every year in

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Santander Spain and you get three days

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of astrobiology lectures and then a

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fourth day and we go out to an excursion

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to an astrobiology related site but we

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also have these projects that we work on

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throughout the week and then our project

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eventually kind of progressed to

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something a little bit more that we

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continued working on after the

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astrobiology summary school and then

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something cool about astrobiology summer

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schools outside of learning things about

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astrobiology you make awesome friends as

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shown here and these three guys helped

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me escape Spain I was a little bit stuck

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and a Peterloo Divya helped me catch a

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train back to the airport in Madrid but

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what was the basic idea here during our

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astrobiology summary school so it

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focused if you could simplify everything

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here we basically discussed what life

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neat what life actually needed and

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simple components so first thing is a

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liquid solvent so most people think of

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water but it doesn't necessarily have to

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be water according to some people so a

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source of nutrients and then of course

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energy don't have energy iron

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thermodynamic equilibrium just like

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nessie here entered back in Memorial Day

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so it definitely is a source of energy

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to power life and then our group was the

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energy group and

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so we discussed about how life might

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utilize beta decay or a protocol

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radiation of the planet planetary

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magnetospheres and one of our advisors

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came up to us and she's like hey you

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guys should write a hypothesis paper

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about this and so what's a hypothesis

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paper well it's exactly what it sounds

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like and I'm just going to go through

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some examples of what other people have

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done so

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Raynald at all in 1983 their hypothesis

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was that life might utilize the planet

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planetary magnetospheres Jupiter as a

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source of life basically having the

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particle radiation hit the surface of

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the ice on one side and having that

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current go go down through subsurface

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ocean forming hydrogen and oxygen

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basically splitting water apart that

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that would then be able to power life

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and then Hitler and Phillips and 2001

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also using our particle radiation at

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this time talking about how organics

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might form on the surface of Europa and

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then that getting cycled into the

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subsurface ocean that can then be

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utilized by life more recently a John

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Johnson at all in 2014 discussed out of

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the workman Reynolds effect basically

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what that is is when ice freezes it

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freezes in some cations or anions

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preferentially depending on the

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conditions so you can form a voltage

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there that where you can also split

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water and form hydrogen and oxygen and

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then recently here actually in 2015

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discussed how you can use a particle

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radiation on Mars basically forming a

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secondary particles I can then go down

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to the surface

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and help power subsurface microbes on

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Mars so our hypothesis paper kind of

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adult with the idea of organisms using a

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current directly so this isn't a

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completely crazy concept because

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terrestrial organisms go ahead and do

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that so we have shelwyn ella and geo

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vector as being the first couple

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organisms that can use an electric

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current directly from a cathode and then

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basically take oxidized products to

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create reduce products and then somatic

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and Frank's here is a good review paper

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on that topic and so with this

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hypothesis we kind of need a head

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everything that we needed to basically

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propose organisms using current on icy

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world so we do have a liquid solvent and

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some of them in the case of europa you

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know a kilometers down or within the

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surface just because you know it's so

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cold at a 150 Kelvin on water is

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definitely frozen on the surface here

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but if you're not utilizing water as a

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solvent that becomes less of an issue

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definitely have your source of nutrients

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on a number of icy worlds and then the

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source of energy that we were using was

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particle radiation but there's an issue

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with particle radiation because most of

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it is so energetic enough that it you

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know as mentioned ionizes everything and

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destroys molecules that you're using so

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what we proposed was that energy can be

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dissipated here by having the electrons

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come in and forming secondary electrons

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which would be lower in energy then

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eventually going so low in the energy of

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1 to 10 electron volts where you're no

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longer ionizing

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anything and so we propose the same

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thing as what trust really organisms do

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basically having a cytochrome C analog

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which is what geo vector uses to capture

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electrons having the electrons come in

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and reducing your compounds that way we

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also had a secondary hypothesis that we

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worked on if we called in direct electro

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fiol so we gave it another name floor

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synthesis and meaning will become clear

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in just a second here so with the

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particle radiation coming in and forming

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secondary electrons we also proposed

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that the electrons might cause another

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molecule to Flores or release photons

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and then that case you would just have a

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process directly analogous to a

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traditional photosynthesis with the

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organisms using the fluorescent photons

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to power life and so this is kind of a

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diagram of what happens here so you have

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an electron or another particle that

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comes in and there's a basically a

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cascade of electrons that comes through

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and then each lower in energy than that

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first initial one you've got most going

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further down into the eyes but you have

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some escaping but we needed a way to

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quantify the number of secondary

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electrons produced so we could come up

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with a current and determine how much

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biomass we could expect to form so we

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start off with this equation here with

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this little epsilon here basically being

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how much energy is being transferred to

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the ice with each secondary electron

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that's produced and this just describes

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how much energy is being lost here as

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the electrons going through the eyes so

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what are these two values this one comes

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out to about 25 electron volts

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and then here we can estimate this value

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here by using this equation this energy

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is the energy of this initial electron

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right here and then R is just this

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equation here with this just being the

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density and this also being the initial

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electron energy here so we can recombine

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these equations to get derive a number

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of the secondary electrons coming

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through here

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so we made some estimates are using this

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and so we already have here the

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secondary electron flux how we

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calculated that so I just started off by

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looking at okay let's say we have a

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hundred particles coming in looking at

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on both a water and nitrogen Isis both

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common in the outer solar system

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Europa being an example of a water ice

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Pluto and Triton Neptune's moon being

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examples of nitrogen Isis calculating

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the penetration death using a program

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called East R which is of usually

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available unless the government's going

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down through a shutdown like it was a

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couple years ago and are using this

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secondary electron flux and this

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penetration adept or we can come up with

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the number of electrons flowing through

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and we can convert this to a current

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using the definition of what an ampere

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is so it's six point two four one times

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ten eighteenth particle charged

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particles moving per second and then we

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had we had to come up with a conversion

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factor for converting the movement of

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electrons to our grams of biomass we did

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that by basically just looking at

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photosynthesis and treating it as a

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transfer of electrons that's essentially

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what life is after all just

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transfer of electrons that we just used

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the wavelengths of light converting it

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that to how many electrons were being

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transferred within the photosynthetic

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process and coming up with the biomass

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this way and then the estimated number

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of cells is just based off how much the

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based off the weight of an e coli so

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coming up with this conversion factor

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and then this is a letter shown here

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with a graph here so just starting off

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with how many particles we had and just

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starting off with our initial or

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radiation flux and just moving forward

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we can come up with an estimated biomass

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so definitely probably overshooting here

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if the average surface of Io density on

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earth is being exceeded by Europa and

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Ganymede but and so here are we showing

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the two different types of Isis but both

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pretty comparable here so we didn't

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account for of course nutrient sources

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or anything like that but I'm going to

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move on to the relevance of the

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calculations and just a little bit and

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then same thing here estimating the

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biomass from indirect Electrify so this

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again being what we also termed as

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florist synthesis so it turns out that

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ice fluoresce is when you irradiate it

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with electrons when the wave numbers

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that comes out is or photons that comes

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out is 306 it is that found at 306

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nanometers so there was already some

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work done with the photon yield was from

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that we also converted that to its

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energy value in electron volts and

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created an electron yield based off of

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that and then did same calculations here

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when just based off the amount of

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photons of being our producer just

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assuming that one of these photons would

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be equivalent to when terrestrial photon

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that's used sir that's used in

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terrestrial photosynthesis but also used

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one based off the energy flux from those

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photons are higher in energy being

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supplied with a little more but in terms

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of an order of magnitude doesn't really

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make much of a difference in terms of

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how much IU form so it shows the same

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thing here with the radiation flux I

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just going out here showing how much you

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would expect in terms of biomass and

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again lower than the average surface

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biomass density on earth but still

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fairly high here again not accounting

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for on your nutrients or anything like

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that

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so these estimates are definitely high

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so how reliable are these so one of the

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things that we first things that we did

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in Spain was we were actually looking at

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beta decay first and with beta decay

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when we applied these same calculations

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here didn't really get substantial

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amounts of biomass that were able to be

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supported until we looked at these guys

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here and these are waste products from

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on nuclear reactors and so we also see

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high biomass estimates based off those

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and it's interesting because just

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recently and they found a fun guy in a

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Chernobyl Ukraine that are able to

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utilize a radiation coming off from

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there the exact mechanism is still

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unknown but even though these

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calculations you know

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aren't giving probably aren't giving us

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the exact biomass readings here they

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might be indicative of they might still

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be helpful in determining and telling

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you you know like a pointer like hey

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life might exist here or not and so how

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would life survive on subsurface moon so

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I already talked about the particle

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radiation here forming secondary

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electrons and that energy just being

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dissipated here into a smaller or more

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electrons but with smaller packets of

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energy that wouldn't be involved in

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ionizing chemistry okay sorry

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so also forming spores here on the

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surface so if ice gets sublimated and

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you can't form secondary electrons you

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can go into a spore mode ice nucleation

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proteins that basically help form ice

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outside the cell instead of the inside

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and then antifreeze proteins that

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basically don't keep your organism from

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freezing and in terms of testing the

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hypothesis the easiest way right now

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would be to use one of the terrestrial

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electrophilic organisms and then using

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these secondary electrons to power them

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and so basically just went over the kind

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of back of the envelope estimates that

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we had for direct and indirect electro

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fee and now we're just revising our

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biomass estimates and putting in some

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electrochemistry thermodynamics before

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finishing everything off and just some

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it's time for one quick question before

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we run oh you're closer sorry hi I'm

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great talk so what I was curious was

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what I guess ratio or metric did you use

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to determine the translation from the

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electron volts to the amount of biomass

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produced okay so that was okay so the

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electron volts in terms of the initial

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particle energy I'll back up here so

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it's not the energy of the electron here

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that determines how much energy the

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organism unnecessarily gets the electron

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volts here are important because they

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decide how many secondary electrons are

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produced and then that in itself

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produces a current here and then we use

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that current then to determine how much

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biomass and was that from the previous

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values of electrophilic organizing

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organisms on earth I know so with

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electrophilic organisms it's a little

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bit more straightforward because you're

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using cells so you can come up with the

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exact energy here more directly but with

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the plasma here it's a little bit

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different so we decided to use the